The next wave of COVID-19 vaccines: In through the nose

Seventy years ago, polio had parents around the world trembling in fear. The highly infectious poliovirus paralyzed thousands of children before two vaccines emerged – one injected through the arm and the other taken orally. Like many other children, Ulrich von Andrian was given the oral vaccine – a few drops of weakened poliovirus on a sugar cube. This vaccine built up defenses in his intestines, where the virus first infects the body and replicates.
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